In general, the optical and electrical characteristics of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells have been studied under the condition that sunlight is normally incident from the air to the CIGS solar cell having no thick front encapsulation layers. To obtain the calculation results in a realistic module application, we calculate the optical and current–voltage (J–V) characteristics of surface-textured CIGS solar cells by simultaneously considering the thick front encapsulation layers and oblique sunlight incidence..................
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